Effect of calcium, lime, Wettable sulfur and copper
oxicloride on vine growth and control of Dead-arm disease and bunch rot of Ruby
seedless grapevines
Abd ElghanyA.A*and M.E.A.Abo-Rehab**
*Horticultural research
institute, agricultural research center, Giza,
Egypt. **Plant
pathology research institute, agricultural research center, Giza, Egypt.
Abstract
In filed trials in 2005, 2006 and extended to January 2007, 12 year
–old Ruby seedless grapevines, quadric lateral cordon trained and spur pruned.
Vines were sprayed with lime after two weeks of beery set,cacl2one
week later, lime and cacl2 with wetable sulfur as short interval
weekly from full bloom until fourth week of berry set or and copper oxicloride
at fourth week of berry set as mixed with the dose of wetable sulfur of this week . One concentration
(3g./L.) Was used to each compound. All trial vines were sprayed with wetable
sulfur in long interval (15days) from budburst.
Vine vigor expressed in terms of weight of pruning. Dry
weight and carbohydrate content of basal cane were improved in the second and
third season of the study; carbohydrates content was improved in the second
season compared to control as affected by experimental foliar spraying compounds
the best improvement was occurred with
spraying vines with lime (3g./L.) , cacl2 (3g./L.) And wietable sulfur (3g. /L.) As short
interval weekly from full bloom until fourth week of berry set and copper
oxicloride (3g. /L.) one time mixed with the dose of wietable sulfur fourth
week of beery set, However this treatment significant reduced disease severity
in both dead-arm disease and bunch rot disease. Also this treatment gave the
lower number of dead lower and upper spur of last season compared with second
and third season of the trial.
Introduction
Nutrition considers an important factor for
vine balance growth. Regulate nutrition during various stages of vine growth
and fruit developments are most accurate indicator of the nutritional health of
vine and other fruit trees. The presence of nutrient deficiency symptoms
indicate an acute shortage in the plant, they my reduced yields, fruit quality
and vine resistance for diseases. Soils which contain height level in potassium
inhibit magnesium or calcium uptake so induce deficiencies of these element. Magnesium
deficiencies may result from low soil PH or excessively high soil calcium. Dolomite
lime applications are advised if PH is
too low, But magnesium sulfate is preferred if soil calcium level's an
excessively high (Eric, 1996) some nutrient compound are effective on improving
nutrient status of the vines and its resistance against disease if used as
foliar spraying on the vine at specified vine annual growth and development or
short or long interval such as lime (Mg, Ca), cacl2, witabl sulfur
(S) as macronutrient or copper oxicloride (Cu) as microelement. Spraying Ruby seedless grapevines with
lime (3g. / L.) After tow weeks of berry set followed by cacl2 (3g.
/ L.) One week later improved grape
quality, beery firmness and wood maturity Abd Elghany (2006) More over Williams
et al (1996) used tow dolomite liming materials ca (OH) 2 .Mg(OH)2
or caco3 .Mgco3 on impatiens with both lime type
their was increase in tissue ca and Mg as the applied concentrations. On the
other hand Stefanini, et al (1994) noted that, Mg application increased plant
vigor (expressed in terms of the weight of pruning) in vines uva di Troia cultivar. Many plant proteins contain sulfur
however copper (CU) that utilizes protein (weaver1976). Eastewood (2002) indicated that fungal pathogenic infection reduced
with increased calcium uptake by plants. A steady supply of available calcium
delivered during fertigation by calcium nitrate reduces Fusarium oxysporum
activity, the fungal pathogen that causes wilt and crown rot in tomatoes.
Research indicates that tomato plants receiving low rates of calcium
fertilization were severely infected with Fusarium oxysporum, compared
to healthy plants receiving higher calcium rates. Calcium fertilization also
reduces Pythium blight and root rot of turf grass and citrus. Also Eastewood (2002) showed that increasing potassium concentration
in Lettuce from 1.44 to 4.89 percent did not deter Botrytis infection.
However, decreasing tissue calcium concentration by half from 1.06 to 0.54
percent increased infection from a slight to moderate rating. A further
decrease in calcium by one-half in the tissue (0.54 to 0.22%) resulted in
severe Botrytis infection. Lesson to be learned: enhanced cell wall
structural integrity supplied by calcium fertilization is important for plant
health. (Attia and saber1995) reported that during the season 1995
in Eelkhatatba Menofia governorate in Egypt heavy infection was found on
both primary and trifoliate leaves, stem, shoots, petioles, tendrils and fruit.
(Saber 1998) Isolated phomopsis viticola as causal pathogen for dead-
arm disease in Egypt.
(Fatma, M. Radwan1985)Isolated many fungi from rotted berries of different
grapevines cultivars in different
locations in Egypt as Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger, Botryodeplodia
theobroma, Alternaria alternate, Pencillum italicum, The objective of this
trail was produced grapes and control diseases without using any toxic compound inorganic
form.
Material and Method
This experiment was conducted during tow seasons 2005and 2006 and
extended to January 2007 on 12- year old" Ruby seedless" grapevines,
spaced at 2*3 Meters apart in sandy soil of a private vineyard at Elkhatatba,
Menofia governorate the vines were normal growth, vigor and quadrilateral
cordon training system with spur pruning, 20 bearing unit, each bearing unit
contain two spur each spur contain two buds (80buds/vine). 105 vines were
chosen, 5vines per replicate with three replicate the complete randomized block
design was used as design to statistical analysis and L.S.d. test were used to
compare between mean's of treatment. The concentration were used to each
compound was (3g /L) All vines were sprayed with wetable sulfur as long
interval 15 days The treatments were as
follows spraying 1-spraying
Lime (3g. /L.) After two weeks of beery set + wittable sulfur (3g. /L.) Weekly from full bloom until fourth week of
beery set. 2-spraying cacl2
(3g. /L.) After three weeks of beery set +wettable sulfur. 3-Spraying lime (3g. /L.)
After two weeks of beery set + cacl2 (3g. /L.) After three weeks of
beeryset+wettablesulfur(3g./L).
4- Spraying lime (3g. /L.) After two weeks of beery set + wettable
sulfur (3g. /L.) Weekly from full bloom until four weeks after berry set +
copper oxichlorid (3g. /L.) At fourth week of beery set as mixed with wettable 5-
Spraying cacl2 (3g. /L.)+ wettable sulfur (3g./L) /L.) + Copper oxicloride (3g./L)
6- Spraying lime (3g. /L.) + cacl2
(3g. /L.)+ wettable sulfur (3g. /L.) Copper oxichlorid(3g./L.)
7-Control.
One concentration
(3g. /L.) Was used to each experimental compound. Lime sprayed on the vines
after two weeks of beery set. Cacl2 sprayed after three weeks of
beery set.wettable sulfur sprayed in short interval weekly from full bloom
until forth week of berry set .While copper oxicloride sprayed after four week
of beery set as mixed with the dose of wittable sulfur of this week, all vines
of this trail sprayed with wettable sulfur in long interval 15 days after bud
burst including control. Vine growth were investigated for the following
characteristics a- Pruning weight Kg /vine as a current season shoots in the
January of the winter pruning of the season of the study
b- Cane dry weight percentage, samples of the basal of three nods off
shoots were collected on January of the study seasons samples were cut into
small pieces and fresh weight were recorded, oven dried at 70 c0 for 72 hours and then weighted the percentage
of dry weight were calculated.
c- Cane carbohydrates
percentage ,samples of basal current seasons shoots (1-3 nods) were collected
on January 1st in the two season as percentage
of dry weight it determined
calorimetrically at 490 mu wave length, using the phenol sulfuric acid
methods described by smith et al (1956).
Disease observation:
This trail was conducted with
the target to determine the efficacies of test chemical in a spray program
against dead- arm disease and bunchy rot disease.
Dead-arm disease assessment: The dead-arm disease evaluated on 20 canes and shoots of each
replication based on the scale (abo-Rehab 2002):
0-No symptoms.
1- Shoots with 1-2 spots on
internodes.
2- Shoots with 3-5 spots on internodes.
3- Shoots with 5- 10 spots on internodes
4-Shoots with up to10 sots on
the internodes
The disease severity (DS) was
calculated according to the formula described by (abo-Rehab 2002) as follows:
Disease severity (%) = (Σ (n x v)/ N xV) 100, where, n = No. of shoots at rate
v (disease score), N = total no. of shoots investigated and V = highest disease
severity rate.
Bunchy rot disease assessment:
The bunchy rot disease
evaluated on the bunch in the following scale on 30 bunches for each
replication.
0- No symptoms.
1- 1-10 % infection on the
bunch.
3- Up to20 % infection on the bunch. The
disease severity (DS) was calculated according to the following formula Disease
severity (%) = (Σ (n x v)/ N xV) 100, where, n = No. of bunches at rate v
(disease score), N = total no. of bunches investigated and V = highest disease
severity rate dead spurs of the last season of lower spur and upper spur on the
bearing units were recorded during winter pruning (January) as number per vine.
Isolated of causal pathogen and confirm its pathogenicity carried out as method
describe by Saber M. (1998). For dead-arm disease and (fatma, Radwan 1985) for
bunch rot.
Results and discussion
Many characteristics consider an indicator to vine growth such as
pruning weight of current season shoots in the winter pruning per vine, dry
weight of cane percentage and carbohydrate content of cane percentage Table (1) Effect of lime, cacl2, and
wettable sulfur or and copper oxicloride on pruning weight, dry weight of cane
and carbohydrate content of Ruby seedless grapevines in 2005, 2006 and2007
seasons.
|
Basal cane carbohydrate%
|
Dry weight of basal cane (1-3 nods)%
|
Pruning weight
(Kg./vine)
|
characters
|
P.N
|
|||||
|
2006
|
2005
|
2007
|
2006
|
2005
|
2007
|
2006
|
2005
|
Treatment/seasons
|
|
|
13.6
|
13.2
|
47
|
48
|
46
|
0.93
|
1.1
|
0.8
|
Lime+wettable sulfur
|
1
|
|
13.9
|
13.1
|
47
|
47
|
45
|
0.97
|
1.1
|
0.8
|
Cacl2+ wettable sulfur
|
2
|
|
14.2
|
13.4
|
48
|
48
|
46
|
1.17
|
1.2
|
0.8
|
Lime+ Cacl2+wettable
sulfur
|
3
|
|
13.6
|
13.1
|
47
|
47
|
45
|
1.0
|
1.1
|
0.9
|
Lime+wettable sulfur +copper
oxicloride
|
4
|
|
13.8
|
13.3
|
48
|
47
|
46
|
1.03
|
1.1
|
0.9
|
Cacl2+ wettable
sulfur+copper oxicloride
|
5
|
|
14.4
|
13.3
|
49
|
49
|
46
|
1.27
|
1.2
|
0.8
|
Lime+ Cacl2+wettable
sulfur+copper oxicloride
|
6
|
|
12.6
|
13.4
|
45
|
45
|
46
|
0.77
|
0.8
|
0.9
|
control
|
7
|
Pruning weight
Dry weight of basal cane
basal cane carbohydrates
L.S.D. 0.05 T: 0.09 L.S.D. 0.05
T: 0.83 L.S.D. 0.05 T:
0.43
L.S.D. 0.05 Y: 0.06 L.S.D. 0.05
Y: 0.55 L.S.D. 0.05 Y:
0.23
L.S.D. 0.05 Y*T: 0.15 L.S.D. 0.05 Y*T: 1.44 L.S.D. 0.05Y* T: 0.61
Data in table (1) showed that, foliar spraying Ruby seedless
grapevines with lime, cacl2, lime and cacl2, with
wettable sulfur or and copper oxicallorid were pronounced increased pruning
weight in the second and third seasons but did not in the first season the best
increments in the second and third season were resulted with spraying vines
with lime and cacl2 and wettable sulfur or and copper oxicloride.
These results of the first season due to the absence of treatments affect these
results of second and third season are in harmony with Abd Elghany (2006) noted
that foliar spraying of Ruby seedless with lime (3g./L.) two weeks after set
and cacl2 (3g./L.) three weeks after set were significant
increased pruning weight per vine
compared to control in the two season of the trial. However, Marwad et al
(2001) noted that sprayed vines of Thompson seedless with calcium at full bloom
and three weeks later increased pruning weight, Moreover Stefanini et al (1994)
recorded that, application Magnesium increased plant vigor (expressed in terms
of the weight of pruning) in uva di troig vines(lime content calcium Magnesium) Regarding dry weight percentage of
basal shoots (1-3 nods), data in table (1) obtained that, foliar spraying of
Ruby seedless grapevines with lime (3g. /L.) after two weeks of beery set or
cacl2 (3g. /L.) after three weeks of beery set or both lime and cacl2
with wettable sulfur (3g./L.) in short interval weekly from full bloom until
forth week of berry set mixed with the dose of wettable sulfur of this week
were improved dry weight significantly in the second and third season of the
study but did not in the first season . The best improvement was recorded with
treatment lime followed by cacl2 with wettable sulfur or and copper
oxiclorid. These results of the second and third season due to effect of
treatments, while in the first season were determined before treatments. This
results of basal cane dry weight my be due to the role of calcium is
constituent of the middle lamella of cell walls, Favors translocation of amino
acid and carbohydrates, moreover, sulfur and copper many plant proteins contain sulfur ,cu that
utilize proteins(Weaver,1976) .Concerning carbohydrate content of basal cane
(1-3 nods) of Ruby seedless grapevines , Data in tab (1) obtained that ,foliar
spraying of lime after two weeks of beery set with wettable sulfur or cacl2
after three weeks of berry set with wettable sulfur or and copper oxicloride in
the fourth week of beery set were improved cane carbohydrates percentage in the
second season compared to control, but did not in the first season the best increment were occurred with applications
vines with lime followed by cacl2 with wettable sulfur or and copper
oxicloride. During winter pruning the last
season spurs which dead counted per vine in the season in the trial.
Table (2) Effect of
lime, cacl2, and wettable sulfur or and copper oxicloride on the
number of last season dead spur of Ruby seedless grapevines in 2005, 2006
and2007 seasons.
|
spurs upper Dead No/vine
|
spurs Lower Dead No/vine
|
characters
|
P.N
|
|||||||||
|
2007
|
2006
|
2005
|
2007
|
2006
|
2005
|
Treatment/seasons
|
||||||
|
1.7
|
1.3
|
3.0
|
2.3
|
2.7
|
4.3
|
Lime+wettable sulfur
|
1
|
|||||
|
1.7
|
1.3
|
2.7
|
2.7
|
2.3
|
3.3
|
Cacl2+ wettable sulfur
|
2
|
|||||
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
3.0
|
2.0
|
2.3
|
3.7
|
Lime+ Cacl2+wettable
sulfur
|
3
|
|||||
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
3.0
|
2.0
|
2.7
|
3.3
|
Lime+wettable sulfur
+copper oxicloride
|
4
|
|||||
|
1.3
|
1.0
|
3.0
|
1.7
|
1.3
|
3.3
|
Cacl2+ wettable
sulfur+copper oxicloride
|
5
|
|||||
|
1.3
|
1.0
|
3.0
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
3.0
|
Lime+ Cacl2+wettable
sulfur+copper oxicloride
|
6
|
|||||
|
3.0
|
2.0
|
3.3
|
3.3
|
3.7
|
4.3
|
control
|
7
|
|||||
Spurs lower dead spurs upper dead
L.S.d.05 T: 0.88 L.S.d.0.05
T: 0.73
L.S.d.05 Y: 0.58 L.S.d.0.05 Y: 0.48
L.S.d.05
Y* T: 1.5
L.S.d.0.05 Y* T: 1.3
Data in table (2) showed that applications Ruby seedless grapevines
with lime, cacl2, lime and cacl2with wettable sulfur or
and copper oxicloride reduced number of dead spur. The reduction was noted in
both lower and upper spur of the last
season compared to control. The reduction
were more pronounced with vine foliar spraying of lime and cacl2
with wettable sulfur or and copper oxicloride in the second and third seasons
of the trail, While in the first season did not differences among the vines of
the trial .These results of the first season may be due to the effect treatments
was absent. While the reduction of last season old spur of the second and third
seasons may be due to improving of the vine nutrition Stat From this trail we
conclude that if nutrition program of Ruby seedless grapevines include spraying
vines with lime (3g./L.) after two weeks of beery set followed by cacl2
(3g./L.) one week later and wettable sulfur (3G./L.) weekly from full bloom
until fourth weak of beery set and copper oxiclorid (3g./L.) mixed with the
dose of wettable sulfur of this week was pronounced improved vine growth increasing
weight of wood pruning (current
shoots) per vine, dray weight and carbohydrate content of basal cane (1-3node)
.Moreover reduced old spurs of last season which dead.
Table (3) Isolated fungi from plant diseases.
|
Isolated fungi and its
ability to pathogenicity
|
Part of plant
|
|
Phomopsis viticola (+),
Alternaria sp (-).
|
Basal shoots
|
|
Phomopsis viticola(+)
|
dead Spurs
|
|
Botrytis cinerea(+),
Aspergillus niger
(+),Pencillium itallecum(+)
|
Bunches
|
(+) positive reactions.
(-) negative reactions
Results in table (3) are in
harmony with (Saber 1998), (Abo-Rehab 2002), (Rashed 2006), (Fatma,
M.Radwan1985)
Table (4) Effect of lime, cacl2, and wettable sulfur or and
copper oxicloride on the disease severity of dead-arm disease and bunch rot
disease of Ruby seedless grapevines in 2005, 2006 seasons.
|
% Disease severity of bunch rot
|
% Disease severity of dead-arm disease
|
Characters
|
P.N
|
||
|
2006
|
2005
|
2006
|
2005
|
Treatment/Season
|
|
|
3.9
|
4.5
|
2.1
|
3.2
|
Lime+wettable sulfur
|
1
|
|
2.9
|
3.3
|
1.3
|
2.9
|
Cacl2+ wettable sulfur
|
2
|
|
2.4
|
3.1
|
1.6
|
2.7
|
Lime+ Cacl2+wettable
sulfur
|
3
|
|
3.5
|
4.1
|
1.9
|
3.0
|
Lime+wettable sulfur
+copper oxicloride
|
4
|
|
0.0
|
2.9
|
0.0
|
2.1
|
Cacl2+ wettable sulfur+copper
oxicloride
|
5
|
|
0.0
|
2.6
|
0.0
|
1.3
|
Lime+ Cacl2+wettable
sulfur+copper oxicloride
|
6
|
|
6.3
|
6.4
|
4.1
|
4.5
|
control
|
7
|
Disease severity of dead-arm
Disease severity of bunch rot
L.S.d. 0.05 T= 0.72 L.S.d.
0.05 T=0.21
L.S.d. 0.05 T= 0.38 L.S.d. 0.05
T=0.11
L.S.d. 0.05 T= 1.02 L.S.d. 0.05
T=0.30
Data in table (4)
showed that applications Ruby seedless grapevines with lime, cacl2,
lime and cacl2with wettable sulfur or and copper oxicloride reduced
disease severity on dead-arm and bunch rot disease especially in the last season this
results maybe due to increasing calcium content of cell wall by applied this
nutrient program and actions of copper and sulfur as fungicidal effect
.Easterwood (2002) indicated that Many fungi and bacteria invade and infect plant tissue by
producing enzymes that dissolve the middle lamella. Enzymes responsible for
dissolving the middle lamella include polyglacturonases and pectolytic enzymes
such as pectate transeliminase. Also
Easterwood (2002) showed that increasing potassium
concentration in lettuce from 1.44 to 4.89 percent did not deter Botrytis infection.
However, decreasing tissue calcium concentration by half from 1.06 to 0.54
percent increased infection from a slight to moderate rating. A further
decrease in calcium by one-half in the tissue (0.54 to 0.22%) resulted in
severe Botrytis infection. Lesson to be learned: enhanced cell wall
structural integrity supplied by calcium fertilization is important for plant
health.
Increasing
tissue calcium content astonishingly lowers polyglacturonase and petolytic
enzyme activity, Calcium a
part of cell wall It also regulates transport of other nutrients into the plant
calcium deficiency results in stunting. In the other hand Copper is important
for photosynthesis. Symptoms for copper deficiency include chlorosis. Cell
wall strength and thickness are increased by calcium addition. Calcium
is a critical part of the cell wall that produces strong structural rigidity by
forming cross-links within the pectin polysaccharide matrix. With rapid plant
growth, the structural integrity of stems that hold flowers and fruit, as well
as the quality of the fruit produced, is strongly coupled to calcium
availability.
Reference
Attia M.F. and saber M.M.(1995) dead-arm
disease of grapes in Egypt.
(note) Egypt
J. Phytopathology. Vol.23 No.1-2, P.109.
Abd Alghany,A.A.(2006) Effect of lime and
calcium on growth and fruit quality of Ruby seedless grapevines. 5 Agric.Sci. Mansoura Univ.,31 (9):6221-6227.
Abo-Rehab, M.E.A.(2002) Dead-arm disease
caused by Phomopsis viticola in Bulgaria
Agricultural University,
Plovdive ,Bulgaria.
Eric Hanson,(1996)fertilizing fruit crops.
Dep. Of Hort. Muse bulletin E-852, Majer Revision 1996.
Easterwood,G.W.(2002) Calcium’s Role in
Plant nutrition Issue 36, Vol. 10, No. 1-Winter 2002-pages 16-19 (PDF, 3Pages,
20KB)
Fatma, M. Radwan(1985) studies on
grapevine fruit rot in A.R.E. Msc. Theses Dep. Of Agric, Cairo Univ. Egypt.
Marawad, I.A, Alia, H. I and Abdelghani,
A.A.;(2001) Effect of some foliar nutrient sprays and soil yeast applications
on growth and fruiting of Thompson seedless grapevines. Egypt , J. Appl. Sci. 16
(12):256-274.
Rashed, M.F.; Kamhawy M.A.M. and
M.E.A.Abo-Rehab(2006) Histopathological and control of grapevine dead_arm
disease.J.agric.Sci.Mansoura Unvi.,31(5):2815-2824.
Saber, M.M.(1998) Pathological studies on
dead-arm disease of grapes in Egypt.
Bull. Fac. Agric. Cairo Univ. 1998,49,257-272.
Smith, F.;Gilles, M.A.;Hamilton,J.K. and Goldes, P.A. (1956)
colorimetric methods for determinations of sugar and related substances. Anal.
Chem.,28:350-356.
- Snedcor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1982).
Statistical Methods 7th ed., 2nd ed. The Iowa state Univ.Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.
Stefanini,M.;Porra, D.;Corazen,E. and
Bastanel, A. (1994) Magnesium fertilization of vines under Mediterranean
conditions. Vignivene (1994) 21 (3) 29-32.(C.F. Hort.Abst.65(2)1140.
Weaver, R.J. (1976) Grapes growing Dep. Of
viti. And Eno. Univ, California Davies.
William, R.A. and Gohn, A.B.,(1996) The
effect of lime irrigation water sources and water soluble fertilizer on root
zone PH, electrical conductivity and macronutrient management of container
root. Media with impatient.J.Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci. 121(30442-452.
ليست هناك تعليقات:
إرسال تعليق